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An integrated workflow for stress and flow modelling using outcrop-derived discrete fracture networks

机译：使用露头导出的离散裂缝网络进行应力和流动建模的集成工作流程

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摘要

Fluid flow in naturally fractured reservoirs is often controlled by subseismic-scale fracture networks. Although the fracture network can be partly sampled in the direct vicinity of wells, the inter-well scale network is poorly constrained in fractured reservoir models. Outcrop analogues can provide data for populating domains of the reservoir model where no direct measurements are available. However, extracting relevant statistics from large outcrops representative of inter-well scale fracture networks remains challenging. Recent advances in outcrop imaging provide high-resolution datasets that can cover areas of several hundred by several hundred meters, i.e. the domain between adjacent wells, but even then, data from the high-resolution models is often upscaled to reservoir flow grids, resulting in loss of accuracy. We present a workflow that uses photorealistic georeferenced outcrop models to construct geomechanical and fluid flow models containing thousands of discrete fractures covering sufficiently large areas, that does not require upscaling to model permeability. This workflow seamlessly integrates geomechanical Finite Element models with flow models that take into account stresssensitive fracture permeability and matrix flow to determine the full permeability tensor. The applicability of this workflow is illustrated using an outcropping carbonate pavement in the Potiguar basin in Brazil, from which 1082 fractures are digitised. The permeability tensor for a range of matrix permeabilities shows that conventional upscaling to effective grid properties leads to potential underestimation of the true permeability and the orientation of principal permeabilities. The presented workflow yields the full permeability tensor model of discrete fracture networks with stress-induced apertures, instead of relying on effective properties as most conventional flow models do.
机译：天然裂缝储层中的流体流动通常由亚地震规模的裂缝网络控制。尽管可以在井的直接附近对裂缝网络进行部分采样，但是在裂缝性储层模型中，井间规模网络的约束性很差。露头类似物可以为没有直接测量可用的油藏模型领域提供数据。然而，从代表井间规模裂缝网络的大露头中提取相关统计数据仍然具有挑战性。露头成像的最新进展提供了可以覆盖几百乘几百米的区域（即相邻井之间的区域）的高分辨率数据集，但是即使那样，高分辨率模型的数据也经常被放大到储层流网格，从而导致准确性下降。我们提出了一个工作流程，该工作流程使用逼真的地理参考露头模型来构造包含成千上万个离散裂缝的地质力学和流体模型，这些裂缝覆盖了足够大的区域，不需要进行放大即可对渗透率进行建模。该工作流程将地质力学有限元模型与流量模型无缝集成，该模型考虑了应力敏感的裂缝渗透率和基质流，从而确定了完整的渗透率张量。该工作流程的适用性通过巴西波蒂瓜尔盆地的露头碳酸盐路面进行了说明，其中1082处裂缝被数字化。一定范围的基质渗透率的渗透率张量表明，将常规尺度升级为有效网格属性会导致对真实渗透率和主渗透率方向的潜在低估。提出的工作流程可生成具有应力诱发孔的离散裂缝网络的完整渗透率张量模型，而不像大多数常规流模型那样依赖有效特性。

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